Is Animal Testing Wrong or Right Essay - 960 Words

Ninety two percent of all animal testing that is effective on animals are ineffective on humans (ASPCA). Despite this alarming statistic, scientists still use animals in these experiments. Scientist give the animals no choice in whether they or going to be used in an experiment. Animal testing is when scientist use products, vaccinations or other things they develop for humans and use on animals. Scientist use all types of animals, but the most common are rats, mice, birds, reptiles and amphibians (ASPCA). Animal testing can result in an injury and or death to the animal that is being tested on. Scientist should find healthy and safe alternatives to figuring out information they need, rather than using helpless animals. Animal testing has†¦show more content†¦Scientist preforms thousands of experiments on animals yearly and ninth two percent of them end in the injury or even death of the animal (ASPCA†¦). Some scientist disregards the value of an animal’s life and preform experiments that should be banned from the use of animal testing in general. They inject animal with horrible diseases such as HIV and AIDS that seriously harms or even kill them (HIV Drugs, Vaccines and Animal Testing). Animal testing comes in a lot of form but injecting animals with things such as that should not be tolerated, something should be done about it. Not only do they hurt the animal but millions of dollars goes to these testing yearly which is ridicules because they get government money to basically kill animal Animal testing has evolved over the years, but not for the better. Scientist has so much technology but they cannot figure out ways to solve problems they run into without using helpless ani mals. This is becoming a hug problem in the scientific community and has raised a lot of questions though out the society. Animal testing is done all over the world and brings a lot of controversy no matter the place. Things are getting worse due to the constant rise in animal testing that is being performed each year. Statistics show that 12,000 animals are being tested on right now, but that is not reality because they only show ten percent of all test done in the lab. So that means there is ninety percent more animals being tested onShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing Is Right Or Wrong1978 Words   |  8 Pageswho is cruel to animals becomes hard also in his dealings with men. We can judge the heart of a man by his treatment of animals.† This paper will be covering the moral issue on animal testing and whether animal testing is right or wrong. I will be applying the theories of Deontological, Utilitarianism and Virtue Ethics viewpoints on animal testing and then see which moral issue is better. Animal testing is a very relevant and debatable moral issue. It is when scientists take animals and run differentRead MoreAnimal Testing Is Bad1374 Words   |  6 PagesAGAINST ANIMAL TESTING! The question is not, Can they reason? nor, Can they talk? but rather, Can they suffer?   Did you know that over a hundred million animals get injured or die due to animal testing? But when you think about is it actually legal? So the thing is it doesn’t matter what we think because there are people who want themselves to live a better life then the animals and they do experimentation on the animals just so humans can live a better life. AndRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Should Be Abolished1211 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal experimentation is used across the world to develop new medicines and to test the safety of other products. The history of animal experimentation dates back to the ancient times when scientists made use of animals principally to satisfy anatomical curiosity. They would examine sensory and motors nerves to gain a deeper understanding of their functions. The testing of these animals is not a widespread topic that we are talking about in today’s society. We seem to have just accepted the factRead MoreThe Harm of Animal Testing Essay1114 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history, animal testing has played an important role in leading to new discoveries and human benefit. However, what many people forget are the great numbers of animals that have suffered serious harm during the process of animal testing. Animal testing is the use of animals in biological, medical, and psychological studies. The development and enhancement of medical research has been based on the testing of animals. There are many questions being asked if animal research is good or notRead MoreAnimal Rights Should Be Legal1240 Words   |  5 Pagesresearch paper will be talking about animal rights. Animal rights is the rights for animals to be free of medical research, hunting, clothing, food, and entertainment. It is the belief that all animals are entitled to the possession of their own lives and should not have to suffer from humans. (Liou, 2010) The belief is opposite of those who believe in speciesism. Speciesism is the idea that huma ns and their rights are above animals. The people who are against animal rights are known as speciesist. (Bennett-JonesRead More Needless Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation is Wrong939 Words   |  4 PagesNeedless Animal Experimentation is Wrong    If penicillin had been tested on guinea pigs, it might never have reached the public. It is lethal to guinea pigs, deactivates the blood system of rabbits and is deadly to cats (Bio-Medical Research). Scientists are pushing for more experiments regardless of the cost to the animals life. One expense is the involvement of killing animals in the pursuit of a pine-scented air freshener(Vergoth,p21). Animals suffering in experimentation labsRead MoreAnimal Testing Essay1194 Words   |  5 PagesUsing helpless animals for the benefit of human beings goes back thousands of years. A common theme has been present: the use of these animals has been necessary for survival. Of late, these essential sacrifices have metamorphosed into yield-less speculations. Animal testing is wrong based on these premises: there are available alternatives to direct testing on live animals, the results acquired rom the tests are inaccurate and repetitive, and ultimately it is speciesism, which is comparable to racismRead MoreInhumane Treatment of Animals During Drug Testing1082 Words   |  4 Pages In today’s world the act of drug and medical testing on animals has become very common. It has also grown at a great rate over the last few decades â€Å"Dr Laura water, science festival 2012† accompanied with rising questions and arguments which include types of testing methods that are most likely to identify drugs that are unsafe for humans, demerits of drug and medical testing on animals and Lastly whether animal experiments are useful. This essay will discuss the arguments, questionsRead MoreEssay about Animal Testing is Unethical1385 Words   |  6 Pagesand if you do, who that person will be. You cant even decide when the lights go on and off. Think about spending your entire life like this, even though you didnt do anything wrong or commit a crime. This is life in a laboratory for animals. It is deprivation, isolation, and misery. Now think about the needs of the animals that are caged up and stripped away from their natural homes. For example, chimpanzees spend hours everyday grooming each other feeding their young and providing a comfortableRead MoreAnimal Testing Is Unethical?1061 Words   |  5 PagesCOMM101-110 Speech Title: Why Animal Testing Is Unethical General Purpose: To expose my audience to animal testing. Specific Purpose: To make people aware of how animal testing is cruel and outdated. Organizational Pattern: INTRODUCTION: (1) Attention Getting Device: Years ago animal testing was started to help humans obtain information. Now almost every product on the market has been tested on an animal during some stage of its production. Through these test thousands of animals die painful deaths every

A Doll’s House Essay Free Essays

Perspective of A Doll’s House Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House uses emotional conversations to depict a family living in false emotional circumstances and having to come to terms with reality. The title A Doll’s House describes the facade of a family living in a nice house. The platitude â€Å"All that glitters is not gold† means that not everything that looks good on the outside is not good on the inside, like a doll’s house. We will write a custom essay sample on A Doll’s House Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the first part of the play, Nora’s old friend from school, Mrs. Linde arrives impromptu. Nora is very fast to describe to her what a good life she has; â€Å"So you are quite alone. How dreadfully sad that must be. I have three lovely children. You cannot see them just now, for they are out with their nurse† (7). This shows how important it is to Nora to keep up her facade of having a nice home and a good life. It’s also makes a distance between the two women’s lives, even if Mrs. Linde tells Nora about her poor family situation, Nora still brags. During the conversation, Nora tells Mrs. Linde about her secret; that she has borrowed money from Krogstad, one of the bankers in town, to help her husband Torvald a long time ago. Torvald does not know anything about the loan and Mrs. Linde is surprised about it and she thinks Nora should tell him about it. Nora answers; â€Å"†¦ And besides, how painful and humiliating it would be for Torvald, with his manly independence, to know that he owed me anything! It would upset our mutual relations altogether; our beautiful happy home would no longer be what it is now† (12). This reflects the old sight of male and female position in the home or relation; the man is the one who should be responsible for the income and be independent. The female part is the opposite. The last sentence from Nora, demonstrates once again how important it is for her that her life looks perfect from the viewer’s sight. Nora is in a very hard situation with Krogstad because of the loan she took a long time ago. Krogstad behaves insipid against Nora in the middle of the play, when he threats her to tell Torvald about the loan. She talks to Dr. Rank, an old friend of the family, and she is very close to betraying her big secret, but instead she just informs him; â€Å"You can do nothing for me now. Besides I really don’t need any help at all. You will find that the whole thing is merely fancy on my part. It really is so-of course it is! † (41). From this we learn that Nora changes her sight of her self. She acts very clearly to Dr. Rank for many reasons, for example to get rid of Dr. Rank’s curiosity and also to convince her self that she has done the right thing and that everything is going to be fine. It also shows one of her first steps into her independence. In the end of the play, Nora realizes that her life is not real, is not perfect, is not fantastic; it is just like a dream story from outside like she always wanted her life to be – but she is not satisfied. Nora decides to tell Torvald about how she feels and she forces him to talk with her seriously; â€Å"I say that we have never sat down in earnest together to try to get at the bottom of anything. † Torvald answers â€Å"But, dearest Nora, would it have been any good to you? † (66). It looks like Torvald doesn’t think Nora has her own thoughts, or her own willing. He does not listen to her or maybe he does not want to listen to her. Nora continues to inform Torvald about her feelings, about how he and her father have made a big sin against her. â€Å"It is your fault that I have made nothing of my life† (66). Nora is much older now then she was when she first met Torvald, and she has changed during the years. Both of them play their roles very well and it is not only Torvald’s fault that she has not been able to do something of her life. When it comes to someone’s life, it is very much up to the person herself. Nora tells Torvald that she has never been standing on her own feet, â€Å"I have been your doll wife, just as at home I was Papa’s doll child; and here the children have been my dolls. I thought it great fun when you played with me, just as they thought it was great fun when I played with them. That is what our marriage has been, Torvald† (67). Ibsen describes how Nora gets an insight about which kind of life she lives. The image pattern of Nora shows a change comparing of the beginning of the book when she brags in front of people. The three children stand for happiness but Nora does not seem to have a close and genuine relationship to them. It is just a scene. Nora comes to a point in her life when she understands that she lives an unreal life and she has to do something about it. Ibsen shows that she is able to take the step out of the marriage like an independent person. Everyone thinks she lives her life like a doll in a perfect home. Ibsen’s choice of title is both good and ironic; good because it brings thoughts to the perfect family-life, and ironic because the play tells about how the inside of the house; the family, the marriage, the relations etc. , struggles with a lot of problems in contrast to the facade. One of Ibsen’s messages about marriage and family is to manage to be happy together, everyone has to take care and understand herself before she can take care of others. When a person is independent and safe on her own, she is able to love and take care of her true love and family. How to cite A Doll’s House Essay, Essay examples

Impact of Open Source Software for Web Application Development

Question: Discuss about theImpact of Open Source Software for Web Application Development. Answer: Future Aspect of Web Application Development by Open Source Adoption The web applications are changing the expectations of both the end users as well as system administrators. In contrast with these facts, the open source applications are capable of thriving within the web ecosystem (Banzi and Shiloh 2014). Within the context of open source software, it is noted that the web developer and end users are changing their relationships with the help of open source codes within the system development. In addition to this, the open source web application communications are effectively reacting on these aspects related to open source web application development projects. In contrast with these facts, web application development has the need for open source adoption. The open source applications make the web application development easy and effective with respect to the demands of developers. According to the surveys done on the utilization of open source software for web application development, shows that 78% of the responders are using open source software for their web application development (Manning et al. 2014). Therefore, it is clear that web application development is getting benefitted with the help of open source software and open source has potential future aspect for web application development. Comparison Between Various Open Source Software for Web Application Development There are various open source tools and languages used for web application development. Among all of these three are being discussed here. Python: Python provides better designing standards than PHP in building web applications. In addition to this, Python provides long term benefits in comparison with PHP for web application development (Milne and Witten 2013). In spite of these advantages python is very slow in developing web applications and it offers nested functions to the web developers. In contrast with these facts, though there are disadvantages of Python, it provides effective solution for web application development. Java: Java provides on time and on budget support to the web developers. In addition to this, it offers integrated support (Zampieri and Gebre 2014). Security concerns are high in case of Java. Java requires high speed and highly efficient memory space for developing web application. Customizations in case of java applications are tough in case of the Java programming language for developing web applications. PHP: There are various benefits of PHP open source language that are used for web application development. Among all of these benefits, ease of operation, cost effectiveness, efficient are some of the effective benefits involved in case of web application development (Banzi and Shiloh 2014). In case of the disadvantages of PHP within the domain of web application development, security aspect, inefficiency of large applications and weak types are known as the disadvantages of PHP open source language in case of web application development. References Banzi, M. and Shiloh, M., 2014.Getting Started with Arduino: The Open Source Electronics Prototyping Platform. Maker Media, Inc.. Manning, C.D., Surdeanu, M., Bauer, J., Finkel, J.R., Bethard, S. and McClosky, D., 2014, June. The stanford corenlp natural language processing toolkit. InACL (System Demonstrations)(pp. 55-60). Milne, D. and Witten, I.H., 2013. An open-source toolkit for mining Wikipedia.Artificial Intelligence,194, pp.222-239. Zampieri, M. and Gebre, B.G., 2014. VarClass: An open-source language identification tool for language varieties. InLREC 2014: 9th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation(pp. 3305-3308). Links for Open Source Languages Python: https://www.python.org/downloads/ Java: https://java.com/en/download/ PHP: https://php.net/downloads.php

Planning and Enabling free essay sample

Planning and Enabling Learning This assignment will be looking at four key areas in the planning and enabling learning unit. It will define the different sections of the module from negotiating with the Learner, inclusive learning, functional skills and concluding with communication. It will show that through research, I have been able to demonstrate that I have an understanding of how planning and enabling learning relates to the practical and theoretical side of teaching. How I am able to cater for the individual needs and to continually improve the educational development of the learners, through a positive scheme of work and transparent lesson plans. Negotiating with learnersInitial assessment is the key to finding out what the learners are capable of, what level are they working at and is the course suitable for them. So the assessment should look at existing skills, against the skills which will be required to complete the course, therefore it is aiming to get the best match between your learners and their learning. We will write a custom essay sample on Planning and Enabling or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a teacher I must have a clear idea of what the learners can and cannot achieve. Negotiating a realistic set of targets is about aiming for them to achieve their goals, so if they are on the right course and with the appropriate amount of support, then they should obtain their desired results. â€Å"If you don’t know where you are going you will probably end up somewhere else† (Laurence. J. Peter 1969) (quotegarden Dec 2011) Negotiation is giving structure, establishing basic rules and expectations between, tutor, learner and institute; it is an on-going program, which you should revisit throughout the course. A good quote from: Teaching Today (â€Å"Catch them before they fall† G. Petty 2006) So then you come to another question, where does it start and end, exactly what is open for negotiation; these rules seem to differ from one source to the next. So in my opinion you could start with: ground rules, course content, course process, learning teaching methodology, method of assessment, assessment process and course evaluation. (Higher Education for Capability 2011) I personally believe there are benefits as well as negatives when it comes to negotiating and my beliefs are supported by (Reece Walker 2007). Some negatives are that negotiated targets may become too unmanageable, so be mindful of the acronym SMART Specific, measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time bound. Follow these rules and both you; your learners will not go far wrong. Inclusive Learning Whilst researching this subject in depth, you come to understand how many teachers could view this as quite complex, but does it have to be? Well after reading so much myself my views didn’t change. Inclusive learning to me is simple; it’s about making the educational system accessible to all learners regardless of physical, mental or emotional needs. I could take quotes down from numerous authors, some which may hit all the right notes, but for me one short explanation on (Wikipedia Dictionary 2011). Fully inclusive schools which are rare, no longer distinguish between â€Å"general Education† and â€Å"Special Education† programs, instead, the school is restricted so that all students learn together. Although in some circumstances this is not always possible, we can adopt our attitudes and surroundings to include a vast number of disadvantaged students. In a study it has shown that it can have a positive effect on both students with or without special needs, it can help with reading, individualised educational programs (IEPs), improving communication and social skills. Positive effects on students without disabilities, include, the development of positive attitudes and perceptions of people with disabilities. (Wikipedia Jan 2012). You will always get critics who maintain special needs students are individualised, and in some studies the results show they may be right, but I maintain that in my teaching there will always be a place for Inclusive Learning to all. UNESCO) The United Nations Educational, Scientific and cultural organisation says: Inclusion refers to more than students with special needs; it is centred on the inclusion of marginalised groups, such as religious, racial, ethnic, linguistic minorities, immigrants, poor, and students with disabilities, hiv/aids patients, remote populations and more. So my answer is No, it do es not have to be. Inclusion, diversity, entitlement, differentiation, ensuring equal opportunities and personalised learning all require teachers to treat all students as Individuals. It’s as simple as that!!! Functional skillsFunctional skills are used in the broad sense to ensure that every learner is provided with the skills, abilities and knowledge needed to undertake responsibility in their everyday life, work, education and community. Functional skills are integrated into all my lesson plans, wherever possible. However, within my organisation, there is 2 hrs. a week set aside for specialist teaching, for all students. Which whilst this, is a good thing, it does not mean I can neglect this subject. But a quote from (Quality Improvement Agency) (Jan 2012) â€Å"You wouldn’t expect a maths teacher to teach plastering – so why on earth do you expect a plasterer to teach maths? † A very good point just goes to show how things have moved on. ICT in Decorating is becoming a common thing; it is used for liaising with clients, keeping financial records and dealing with stock etc. Numeracy is also an important part of my industry, from doing invoices, estimates, ordering of stock, measuring and cutting wallpapers and many more aspects of the trade. Literacy is vastly used when students have written papers to produce, invoices and estimates to write, the reading of all sorts of technical data regarding materials, drawings etc. I would also like to speak about language, which is an integral part of the decorating profession, from speaking and listening to clients, to working with clients and colleagues, whose first language may not be English and to make good use of positive body language. All are skills which can always be worked on. CommunicationThe types of communication, verbal and non-verbal are used in everyday life usually at the same time. I feel as a teacher you must be able to understand how your learners receive what you are saying and doing. I also believe effective communication allows for you to take control of your class and to maintain their respect and behaviour. Body language (non-verbal) is used without even thinking about it, gestures, facial expressions, rolling eyes and even the way we stand, can affect the way your students perceive you. When we talk (verbal) we think about the things we say and how we say them, the tone and pitch used influences the way we communicate. â€Å"Empathy and sympathy are also skills of communication, however, don’t be too keen to reveal to your learners personal information about you. † (Gravells Simpson 2009). To ensure for effective communication the teacher must ensure for any barriers learners have to be removed. Barriers prevent students from learning; therefore they have an effect upon their performance educationally, socially and personally. You should always take into consideration any physical, psychological and physiological factors that are barriers, learning difficulties, English may be a second language, or just the way you’re presenting it and the jargon being used. Communication is conveying and receiving information through words and actions. It is vital that you relay this information correctly, so as to improve your learner’s education. Summary I have written the content based upon my own personal and professional experiences. This has all been reinforced by researching books, internet, DTLLS sessions and mini teaching lessons by my peers. Learners naturally want to achieve but are not sure how, things that are not familiar or if there are personal, professional, social issues can become barriers, these can be removed by negotiations. This has been clarified by my research. Learner achievement works and develops immensely through inclusive learning, which I strongly believe in. Within my profession there are two sides, one being practical and the other theory. Practical is normally fairly straight forward, with the learner showing competence and knowledge of a decorating task. The theory side is more complicated as Health Safety etc. get more intricate, that’s where functional skills work well. There is a great deal of information out there, you need to sift through it, take on board what applies to you, and your students in the planning and enabling learning sector. Then your teaching skills will improve immensely, benefiting all involved. The research I have carried out has certainly helped to broaden my knowledge on, planning and enabling learning. I will use this to develop my students educational learning.

Free Essays on Their Eyes Were Watching God Character

Joe Starks Joe Starks, Janie’s second husband in Zora Neale Hurston’s novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, had most of the common characteristics of a white individual during the late nineteen century. Joe, nicknamed Jody by Janie, proudly displays his wardrobe, which replicated that of the wealthy white bosses of the time, â€Å"[He] was a citified, stylish dressed man with his hat set at an angle that didn’t belong in these parts,† (27, Chapter 4). Other characteristics link Joe with such individuals, such as his rounded belly, his cigar, as well as his stark white home in Eatonville, Florida, where he presides as the mayor of the town. Hurston allows for these commonalities to occur in order to present Joe’s personality through his role models (the wealthy, white men) and his attitude toward his wife as well as his environment. Joe treats his Janie with his cruelty through his sexist attitude. His actions towards Janie reflect his values and ethics, grappling any sense of power and wealth to provide a symbol of his control over his surroundings a well as Janie, â€Å"He wanted her submission and he’d keep on fighting until he felt he had it,† (71, Chapter 6). After the two move to Eatonville, Joe becomes the mayor of the black town, taking any opportunity to swank about his intelligence. Other members of the town recognize his actions as boastful and maintained that if others who were educated lived in Eatonville, he would not make such claims in front of the town members.... Free Essays on Their Eyes Were Watching God Character Free Essays on Their Eyes Were Watching God Character Joe Starks Joe Starks, Janie’s second husband in Zora Neale Hurston’s novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, had most of the common characteristics of a white individual during the late nineteen century. Joe, nicknamed Jody by Janie, proudly displays his wardrobe, which replicated that of the wealthy white bosses of the time, â€Å"[He] was a citified, stylish dressed man with his hat set at an angle that didn’t belong in these parts,† (27, Chapter 4). Other characteristics link Joe with such individuals, such as his rounded belly, his cigar, as well as his stark white home in Eatonville, Florida, where he presides as the mayor of the town. Hurston allows for these commonalities to occur in order to present Joe’s personality through his role models (the wealthy, white men) and his attitude toward his wife as well as his environment. Joe treats his Janie with his cruelty through his sexist attitude. His actions towards Janie reflect his values and ethics, grappling any sense of power and wealth to provide a symbol of his control over his surroundings a well as Janie, â€Å"He wanted her submission and he’d keep on fighting until he felt he had it,† (71, Chapter 6). After the two move to Eatonville, Joe becomes the mayor of the black town, taking any opportunity to swank about his intelligence. Other members of the town recognize his actions as boastful and maintained that if others who were educated lived in Eatonville, he would not make such claims in front of the town members....

Intellectual Property Lawyersâ€Protecting New Ideas

Intellectual Property Lawyers- Protecting New Ideas Intellectual property lawyers are professionals trained in the legislation and regulations that protect individuals creations from intellectual theft. According to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), a United Nations agency responsible for the protection of intellectual property worldwide, Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce. In regard  to the law,  intellectual property is divided into two categories: industrial property and copyright. Industrial property includes inventions and their  patents, trademarks, industrial designs, and geographic indications of source. Copyright includes literary and artistic works such as novels, poems, and plays; films and musical works; artistic works such as drawings, paintings, photographs, and sculptures; and architectural designs. Rights related to copyright include those of performing artists in their performances, producers of  phonograms  in their recordings, and those of broadcasters in their radio and television programs. What Intellectual Property Lawyers Do Basically, intellectual property lawyers do everything legal that is connected with intellectual property. For industrial property, you might hire an  intellectual property lawyer to help you file an application for a patent or trademark, defend your patent or trademark, represent your case before a patent examiner or board, or write a licensing agreement. Additionally, IP lawyers can litigate matters related to intellectual property- representing  clients in courts that go before agencies like the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the International Trade Commission and arguing all sorts of IP law, including  patent law, trademark law, copyright law, trade secret law, licensing, and unfair competition claims. Some IP lawyers also specialize in particular fields intellectual property laws: biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, computer engineering, nanotechnology, the internet, and e-commerce. In addition to earning a law degree and passing the bar, many IP lawyers also possess degrees in a field related to the inventions they hope to help protect through IP law. Traits of Good IP Lawyers Inventors certainly have the right to prepare their own applications, file them, and conduct their own proceedings. However, without having the knowledge that intellectual property lawyers have, inventors may find it extremely difficult to navigate the complex world of property rights and laws. A good IP lawyer, then, will be able to reassure the inventor their services and expertise fit into the needs and budget of the invention. Good IP lawyers know less about the scientific and technical knowledge involved in your invention and more about the process of preparing a patent application and conducting proceedings with any patent office, which is why you would want to hire an intellectual property lawyer  familiar with the rules and regulations. As of 2017, IP attorneys on average earn  between $142,000 to $173,000 per year, meaning its going to cost a lot to hire one of these litigators to help you with your claim. Since IP lawyers can be quite expensive, you should try to file a patent on your own for your small business until the profits start rolling in. You can then hire an IP lawyer to come in later and verify the patent on your latest invention.

Case summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Case summary - Essay Example b) There was no distribution of current and/or accumulated earnings and profits. It can be determined that TWC did not redirect actual value to the petitioner by failing to charge its normal profit margin when receiving the reimbursement. a) Even though it is not the court’s mandate to construct and inform arguments for the parties involved, it could clearly determine that the timing of respondent’s constructive dividend adjustment is highly inappropriate and untimely. TWC was reimbursed for its work during 2004 and 2005 while the petitioners relocated into the home in 2005 (Johnson, 502). Therefore, if there was any constructive dividend that had been received then it would have been received, and therefore brought up in 2004 and/or 2005, not 2006. b) According Section 316(a) a dividend is any allocation of property that a firm makes to its stockholders from its earnings for the trading period and profits retained from the past periods (Johnson, 501). TWC did not make any profit or earnings from the transaction with Mr. Welle for the construction of his home. c) Ault and Arnold rightly argue that a constructive dividend usually arise when a corporation awards an economic benefit, specifically earnings and profits, on a stockholder without the expecting any payment or adequate consideration for the same (360). d) Not all business expenditure by an incorporated company that bestows some economic benefit on a stockholder can be termed as constructive dividend (Ault and Arnold, 358). Loftin & Woodward, 577 F.2d at 1215. e) Respondent did not elucidate how a the decision to forego profits, especially when the stockholder reimburses the corporation in full for its services, results in distribution of property which reduces the earnings and or profits as envisaged in section 316(a). The respondent also failed to substantiate the assertions with a credible case that sets precedent. f) Incidental or insignificant use of corporate property does not justify

Expla.in what happens in each of the three stages of the birth Assignment

Expla.in what happens in each of the three stages of the birth process. Explain the changes which must occur for the baby to sur - Assignment Example BH contractions come at irregular intervals, with varying lengths and intensity; while early labor pains are regular, short, and mild like menstrual cramps. Another point of difference is that BH contractions stop with a change in position; while, early labor contractions do not vanish whatever position the woman tries. These contractions start when the cervix begins to dilate and efface. Labor officially starts with the effacement and dilatation of the cervix. Effacement refers to the thinning or ripening of the cervix; while dilatation refers to opening of the cervix to the birth canal. Early labor may long several hours, and thus, there is no need to rush to the hospital, as these pains can be taken at home more comfortably. The woman reaches the end of early labor when the contractions become closer and longer, like when they are five minutes apart and are of about one minute duration. Bloody show/discharge of mucous plug may also be seen. The cervix should be dilated 4 cm at the end of early labor. 2.2. Active Labor In active labor, contractions become more regular, and become closer, longer, and intense. The cervix dilates more progressively until it reaches 10 cm. Complete dilatation is the transition phase. The baby starts descending in the pelvis. The doctor will now break the amniotic sac if it has not yet broken. For first time moms, active labor may be several hours longer; while, for experienced moms, active labor may be much quicker, ending in an hour or even in some minutes. Women may also go for epidural which is given in active labor, to diminish the pain. Natural remedies for pain management include breathing deeply and some other relaxation techniques taught in childbirth classes. It is better to lie on left side to ensure proper blood circulation to the baby. 3. Stage Two Stage two starts when the transition has occurred; the baby is in the pelvis; and, the mother is feeling the urge to push the baby. That is why this stage is also known as pushing. The contractions may now seem easier to cope, as the pushing sensation is different from the pain of contractions in the active labor. During this stage, the contractions of the uterus apply pressure on the baby, due to which it moves down into the pelvis or the birth canal. The woman may be told to start pushing with every contraction, if she does not feel the urge itself. The baby’s head will start showing. The pressure of the baby’s head is hard on the perineum, so the doctor will have to incise the perineum to escape a natural cut. Perineum is the space between the vagina and the rectum. When the head emerges, the doctor looks for the umbilical cord, and cuts it if it is wrapped around the neck. The baby turns sideways so as to come out easily. Another contraction will move the whole baby out, followed by bloody discharge. The umbilical cord is clamped. Once out, the baby’s mouth and nose are checked for mucous through suction. The mother takes a si gh of relief because the contractions end, taking away all the pain. The second stage of labor is quicker for mothers who have had vaginal deliveries before. 4. Stage Three Stage 3 is the delivery of the placenta, which occurs some minutes after the birth of the baby. This happens with some uterine contractions, which are

Fast Food vs Organic Essay Example for Free

Fast Food vs Organic Essay Have you ever sat and back and wondered why there are so many obese people in the U. S.? You would think that with all of the buzz about organic foods that we have available, that we would slowly be getting better with our weight as a country. Unfortunately the reality of the situation is organic food are expensive and with the way the economy is today many people are working on a budget and simply cannot afford to splurge on the organic items. So now that we know that lets look at the second half of that equation, Fast Food! Now as much as people criticize the fast food industry it’s convenient and like the name says fast. Now days most people do not want to come home after a long, hard day of work and slave over the stove to cook a hot meal for their family. However what they don’t realize is how much that food is poisoning us. Take McDonalds for example, it has been brought to the public’s attention just what goes on when they are making their food. The food looks like food that you would make in your kitchen, but it is actually manufactured. French fries use to be made by potatoes peeled in the back room and cut into strips. Today they are made in large factories, frozen and processed. Some of the ingredients are very fatty. Even though they have said that they â€Å"were† injecting the chicken nuggets with a pink dye, people are still running to the franchise for their food. I am not judging anyone by any means just stating my observations. Now if you think about it most families probably spend about $100 a week on fast food. Why would so people spend so much money on fast food you ask? Its simple its easy, and its convenient and inexpensive. Compared to other foods its something that working people and ordinary people can go out and enjoy. The design of a fast food restaurant is very well thought out. We form our eating habits as children so they try to nurture clients as youngsters. Its very important that the fast food companies make sure that their fast food meals for children are healthier. In contrast the benefits of eating organic foods are great and if you can afford them should definitely take advantage of them. The are good for both the earth and the environment. The animals are living stress-free, free-grazing on the land and not being manufactured in deplorable living conditions. Organic farmers use less energy, less water resources, and NO pesticides. Organic farmers’ soil stays rich in content, moisture and nutrients due to careful management of land and using only natural organic matter to grow their crops. When industrialized agriculture arrives in farming communities, many farmers are forced out of business. Each month dozens of new pesticides, show up in local supermarkets and stores. Because they are advertised heavily are purchased and used and thus the destruction of the earth continues slow and steady. Organic farmers, live cleanly. Free of pesticides and toxins.

Deer Hunting: A Family Tradition Essay -- Personal Narrative

Since the beginning of time man has been hunting animals for food. Even before fire, man needed to hunt, because hunting was the only way to eat. At first man used things such as spears and rocks to kill its prey. As man evolved, they started using bows and arrows. Next came an early model of what we use today, the firearm. It is powerful yet easy to carry around. It puts the animal through less suffering and is a lot more efficient than previous techniques. Hunting was once a necessity, but now it is a tradition, passed on from father to son as a way to spend time together, enjoy the outdoors, and experience what our ancestors went through in hunting their dinner. Since it is considered a sport some think we are killing off the deer population, when in actuality, â€Å"While most other big-game species have declined with the spread of urbanization, the whitetail has been able to adapt to its ever-changing environment. Through the efforts of state agencies and conservati on groups like Whitetails Unlimited, wildlife officials estimate today’s whitetail population to exceed 30 million† (www.whitetailsunlimited.org). For as long as I can remember, the week after Thanksgiving my father would get up even earlier than usual, get all bundled up in his camouflage clothes, and head up into the woods bright and early. I wasn’t exactly sure why this morning routine was so mundane compared to his usual work day routine, but as I grew older I would begin to understand. Time went on and I finally learned where he was going, though I still didn’t exactly know why he was going hunting. At the age of 12 my Dad told me I would finally be able to go hunting with him, if I wanted. Although a pistol can be used, a... ...ns we had plenty of time to talk about things, but I also had time to sit and think about things for myself in the calm outdoors. That first day of hunting proved to me that hunting is one of the most fun and enjoyable things to do, along with an emotional experience, as long as it is done safety. Works Cited â€Å"Ignoring hunter safety can be a fatal mistake.† Times-Picayune. 13 Nov. 2013. 36. Kathman, Margaret. â€Å"A Reluctant Deer Hunter.† September 7, 2013, Blog Web. 4 Dec. 2013. http://margaretkathman.blogspot.com/2013/09/a-reluctant-deer-hunter.html Feinman, Ron. Personal. Web. 4 Dec. 2013. Slinksy, Jim â€Å"The Perfect Deer Rifle.† Web. 4 Dec. 2013. . The Ultimate Hunting Network. Web. 4 Dec. 2013. . Whitetails Unlimited. Web. 4 Dec. 2013. . Deer Hunting: A Family Tradition Essay -- Personal Narrative Since the beginning of time man has been hunting animals for food. Even before fire, man needed to hunt, because hunting was the only way to eat. At first man used things such as spears and rocks to kill its prey. As man evolved, they started using bows and arrows. Next came an early model of what we use today, the firearm. It is powerful yet easy to carry around. It puts the animal through less suffering and is a lot more efficient than previous techniques. Hunting was once a necessity, but now it is a tradition, passed on from father to son as a way to spend time together, enjoy the outdoors, and experience what our ancestors went through in hunting their dinner. Since it is considered a sport some think we are killing off the deer population, when in actuality, â€Å"While most other big-game species have declined with the spread of urbanization, the whitetail has been able to adapt to its ever-changing environment. Through the efforts of state agencies and conservati on groups like Whitetails Unlimited, wildlife officials estimate today’s whitetail population to exceed 30 million† (www.whitetailsunlimited.org). For as long as I can remember, the week after Thanksgiving my father would get up even earlier than usual, get all bundled up in his camouflage clothes, and head up into the woods bright and early. I wasn’t exactly sure why this morning routine was so mundane compared to his usual work day routine, but as I grew older I would begin to understand. Time went on and I finally learned where he was going, though I still didn’t exactly know why he was going hunting. At the age of 12 my Dad told me I would finally be able to go hunting with him, if I wanted. Although a pistol can be used, a... ...ns we had plenty of time to talk about things, but I also had time to sit and think about things for myself in the calm outdoors. That first day of hunting proved to me that hunting is one of the most fun and enjoyable things to do, along with an emotional experience, as long as it is done safety. Works Cited â€Å"Ignoring hunter safety can be a fatal mistake.† Times-Picayune. 13 Nov. 2013. 36. Kathman, Margaret. â€Å"A Reluctant Deer Hunter.† September 7, 2013, Blog Web. 4 Dec. 2013. http://margaretkathman.blogspot.com/2013/09/a-reluctant-deer-hunter.html Feinman, Ron. Personal. Web. 4 Dec. 2013. Slinksy, Jim â€Å"The Perfect Deer Rifle.† Web. 4 Dec. 2013. . The Ultimate Hunting Network. Web. 4 Dec. 2013. . Whitetails Unlimited. Web. 4 Dec. 2013. .

Higher Cost of Healthcare: Deterrent for Smokers Essay

This research is focused on the hypothesis that if an employer would require a higher healthcare cost for employees who smoke, would this prevent them from continuing the vice and quit smoking for good? Literature Review According to Andre, Velasquez & Mazur (2008) â€Å"the American Medical Association recently revealed that at least 25 cents of every health care dollar is spent on the treatment of diseases or disabilities that result from potentially changeable behaviors. † Smoking, by itself, costs the the U. S. health care system over $65 billion annually (par. 1). Meanwhile, in an article entitled â€Å"Smokers Pay More for Health Benefits: Employers Ask Smokers to Pay Higher Health-Care Premiums† written by Lisa Cornwell, she said that a number of companies have already imposed higher health care premiums to employees who smoke (par. 2). These companies, both private and public, resort to this measure to entice the smokers to quit smoking for good. Some companies impose $20 to $50 a month for these employees. According to the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey: â€Å"Smoking is costing the economy† (cited in Cornwell,2006, par. 2 ). Significantly, the â€Å"employers are charging smokers extra for health insurance in an effort to rein in costs. The estimated costs of medical expenses and lost productivity are about twice the cost of cigarettes per pack or more† (cited in Cornwell,2006, par. 2 ). Additionally, in an interview by Helen Darling, president of the National Business Group on Health, she remarked that â€Å"In addition to employers having to pay out more in health-care costs, public opinion is now solidly on the side of eliminating smoking, and workers are realizing increasingly that they are having to pay for others’ lifestyle choices† (cited in Cornwell, 2006, par. 0). National Business Group on Health is a non profit organization with more than 200 member employers. Despite the imposition of higher healthcare cost, some companies offer programs that will entice smokers to quit smoking. Once they sign up and complete the program, they are waived of a certain amount which is usually required for smoking employees. However if they resume the vice, the fee will be asked of them in the following year. Basing from the number of the employees that signed up for the program, it appears to be a motivating factor for smokers to finally give up on smoking. However, an issue cannot be without an opposing side. Lewis Maltby, president of the National Workrights Institute, remarked â€Å"making smokers pay more for insurance for their health choices isn’t inherently wrong [but] do we really want to live in a world where employers penalize us for everything in our private lives that isn’t healthy? † (cited in Cornwell, 2006, par. 10). Methodology This study is conducted through interview of sixty (60) respondents. The respondents’ age ranged from 23 to 40 years of age. Among them were 22 females and 38 males. They were all smokers and of different histories. The range of their ages was 14 to 27 when they started smoking tobacco/cigarettes. The main questions asked from the respondents are as follows: (a) How many sticks of cigarettes do you smoke per day? (b) On average, how may times have you consulted with a medical doctor with sickness relating to your vice? (c) Are you willing to shoulder higher healthcare cost for smoking? (d) If you had no choice but to shoulder higher health care cost, would you quit smoking for good? Data Analysis and Results  Among the sixty (60) respondents, the cigarette packs consumed per day range from 3 sticks to 1 pack a day. A pack contains 20 sticks of cigarette. As regards medical conditions, 56% of the smokers admitted to have smoking-related illnesses such as cough and sinus infections. In a year, they visit the doctor 2 to 3 times for such sickness. When asked if they are willing to shoulder additional healthcare cost for their vice, 40% said yes, since they are willing to take responsibility for their own vice. However 60% said no. On the imposition of a higher health cost from their employers; and if this would make them quit smoking for good, 38. 3% said they would definitely quit smoking, 43. 3% said they would make an effort to quit smoking, 18. 3% said it would not make any difference in their smoking habits. Discussion Basing from the interviews, only 18% of the respondents are adamant to quitting smoking despite imposing higher costs for healthcare. Significantly, these respondents have been smoking for almost their lives and have not yet experienced any serious illness associated with their smoking habit. One of the respondents remarked that he is willing to shoulder a few more of his income and earnings since smoking, according to him, does him good that is worth his money. However, more significantly, 38% are willing to give up the vice and another 43% were willing to make an effort to quit for good. Basing from this research, it shows that higher health care cost can be an effective deterrent for smoking. One of those willing to give up smoking for good was a single woman who said she could instead use the money for clean fun than for smoking-related sicknesses. Conclusion and Recommendation Judging from the result of this study and various interviews of employers (as stated in Cornwell’s article), the additional expenses for health care for smoking apparently discourage smokers from pursuing the vice. Evidence shows that most are willing to undergo therapy and programs that will help eliminate the tobacco habit for good, as they are to shoulder the expense of consultation, treatment and medication for such voluntary health risk.

Culture and Sexual Behaviors

Indeed, an obvious common trait of every being, insects, animals, and peoples, comes from their need for reproduction. On the lesser beings, the need for reproduction is based on the security of their species and on increasing their population for food and territorial accumulation.People on the other hand, aside for survivability, see reproduction as an opportunity for fulfilling sexual desires. However, sexual activity is enforced not only by instinct but by other factors such as intimacy and social engagement. Also, sexual behavior is where human families are formed and defined[1].Culture has contributed on the differences of sexual behaviors of humanity. Because of the diversity of native or local beliefs, traditions, practices, and arts among people of different nationality, sexual behaviors differ across nations.Also, religious affiliation and moral convictions affect these differences. In this essay we will discuss culture and religion and their development by region and give s pecific examples by country. Also, the essay will seek to describe and define sexual behaviors with regards to psychological studies.Sexual behavior is a term which describes human activities concerning their interaction with an homosexual or hetersexual partner. Sexual activities primarily start on attraction by an individual and the efforts done in order to attract the other person. It is followed by interactions and conversations which later reveal their compatibility and satisfy their preferences.Social contact or the actual love-making then occurs. The process may happen in a short period of time in liberal societies, usually in places where people are open minded on the concept of â€Å"one night stands.† In conservative areas, however, sexual behavior may follow strictly the tradition of courting which may take a very long time.One major sexual behavior issue concerns sexual transmitted diseases (STD's). Transmitted through sexual activities, these diseases requires th e attention of health workers and the awareness of the public. Also, another issue is pre-marital sex or literally engaging in sexual activities outside of marriage.This sexual activity is criticized mainly by religious sectors who value the sanctity of marriage and reproduction, most vocal is the catholic church. Other important issues are rape, child pornography, and unwanted pregnancy.Culture is considered to be the mental programming of societies which differentiates them from another [2]. Cultures primarily have three elements: systems of meaning, ways of social organization, and unique group features and product[3].It implies a society's set of norms, behaviors, practices, beliefs, and moral considerations. On these, it is proper to say that culture defines how and what people conceive and act. These factors are however changed by people due to their exposure to other cultures.The differences between cultures are caused mainly by the area's native and historical formation. How ever, cultures are influenced mainly by religious dominance or teachings accepted in the area. Large portions of a sociey's norms and values come from religious teachings. Religion affects one's convictions and moral considerations, which also defines individual actual preferences.The western culture is considered to be the most dominant due to its rich and early development and the capacity of its people to employ their cultural activities in many places through efficient means. Also, it is enforced by great western thinkers and intellectuals who have contributed in the formation of human activities and knowledge. Included are Aristotle, John Locke, David Hume, Immanuel Kant, Karl Marx, and Martin Luther.Western culture originated in ancient Greece, the founder of freedom and democracy. There the formation of free human thought and will came to the conception of many through the great teachers like Socrates and Plato.It grew larger together with the expansion of the Roman Empire in Europe leaving large amount of influence to its new found territories. Its development goes with the stages of intellectual formation in the west, including the renaissance, scientific revolution, the period of enlightenment, the American revolution, the industrial revolution, and today's modern and advanced society[4].Individualism and the pursuit of knowledge and practical results characterize western culture[5]. These then explains the active, open-minded, and experimenting characteristics of westerners.The Asian culture is the collective term for the system of thought and action for the continent of Asia. The area however is subdivided into different relative nations or regions based on their geographical and historical relationships. Included in this regions are the central, east, south(Indian subcontinent), north, southwest, and southeast asia.These subregions usually share a common history and heritage, with beliefs extended by religious dominance. Also, many parts of Asia h ave been colonized by western countries thus having characteristics of western culture.Compared to western beliefs, Asians give large amount of importance to hierarchy, politeness, and conservatism. Traditions are followed strictly in many places not yet influenced by the west. Also, the non-material pursuit dominates Asian beliefs due to the extensive influence of Buddhism.[1]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tom W. Smith. American Sexual Behavior: Trends, Socio-Demographic Differences, and Risk Behavior [Digital Library] Available from http://cloud9.norc.uchicago.edu/dlib/t-25.htm[2]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Silvia Ubillos, Darà ­o Paez and Josà © Luis Gonzà ¡lez. â€Å"Culture and sexual behavior† Psicothema 2000. Vol. 12, Supl., pp. 70-82 [ Digital Book] [3]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Peg Collins, Dr. Richard Law, and Eric Miraglia. â€Å"What is Culture† [website] accessed from http://www.wsu.edu/gened/learn-modules/top_culture/culture-index.html[4]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Western Culture Global. â€Å"What is Western C ulture.† [Internet Article] Accessed from http://www.westerncultureglobal.org/what-is-western-culture.html#1a[5]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dr James Ng. Characteristics of Chinese culture and aspects of health care [internet article] accessed from http://www.stevenyoung.co.nz/The-Chinese-in-New-Zealand/History-of-Chinese-in-NewZealand/Characteristics-of-Chinese-culture-and-aspects-of-health-care.html

Heathcliff Characterization Quotes Essay Example

Heathcliff Characterization Quotes Essay Example Heathcliff Characterization Quotes Essay Heathcliff Characterization Quotes Essay Ive no more business to marry Edgar Linton than I have to be in heaven; and if the wicked man in there had not brought Heathcliff so low, I shouldnt have thought of it. It would degrade me to marry Heathcliff now; so he shall never know how I love him; and that, not because hes handsome, Nelly, but because hes more myself than I am (86). Catherine admits to Ellen that she loves Heathcliff but cannot think of marrying him because he has been degraded by Hindley. Heathcliff hears this speech, and he leaves Wuthering Heights, not to return for three years. ) Nelly, I see now, you think me a selfish wretch; but did it never strike you that if Heathcliff and I married we should be beggars? whereas, if I marry Linton, I can aid Heathcliff to rise, and place him out of my brothers power? (87). Catherine tells Ellen what she believes will happen with her marriage and her relationship to Heathcliff. She really believes that her marriage to Linton will end up helping Heathcliff, which of course it does not. 3) My love for Linton is like the foliage in the woods; time will change it, Im well aware, as winter changes the trees.My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneatha source of little visible delight, but necessary. Nelly, I am Heathcliff! Hes always, always in my mindnot as a pleasure, any more than I am always a pleasure to myself, but as my own being (88). The extent of the love between Catherine and Heathcliff is shown here. Heathcliff says similar things throughout the novel. 4) Id as soon put that little canary into the park on a winters day, as recommend you to bestow your heart on him!Hes not a rough diamonda pearl-containing oyster of a rustic: hes a fierce, pitiless, wolfish man (109). Although she loves Heathcliff, Catherine realizes the man he has become and strongly advises Isabella against getting involved with him. Isabella thinks Catherine is only jealous, and does not heed her advice. 5) You teach me how cruel youve been cruel and false. Why do you despise me? Why did you betray your own heart, Cathy? I have not one word of comfort. You deserve this. You have killed yourself. Yes, you may kiss me, nd cry, and wring out my kisses and tears; theyll blight you theyll damn you. You loved methen what right had you to leave me? What rightanswer mefor the poor fancy you felt for Linton? Because misery, and degradation and death, and nothing that God or Satan could inflict would have parted us, you, of your own will, did it. I have not broken your heartyou have broken it; and in breaking it, you have broken mine (170). As Catherine is ill and dying she blames Heathcliff for her suffering, but he tells her that it was she that left him and that all blame for their sorrow is hers. ) Catherine Earnshaw, may you not rest as long as I am living! You said I killed youhaunt me, then! The murdered do haunt their murderers. I believeI know that ghosts have wandered on earth. Be with me alwaystake any formdrive me mad! only do not leave me in this abyss, where I cannot find you! Oh God! it is unutterable! I cannot live without my life! I cannot live without my soul! (176). Heathcliff passionately pleads for Catherine not to leave him after she has died. 7) I recovered from my first desire to be killed by him-Id rather hed kill himself!He has extinguished my love effectually, and so Im at my ease (182). Isabella has finally escaped from Heathcliff and from her love for him. She says this to Ellen as she is about to leave for another part of England. 8) The task was done, not free from further blunders, but the pupil claimed a reward, and received at least five kisses which, however, he generously returned. Then, they came to the door, and from their conversation, I judged they were about to issue out and have a walk on the moors (321).In the end of the novel Catherine has given up on being an enemy of Hareton, and instead teaches him to read. The two are friends and are engaged to be married. 9) My old enemies have not beaten me; now would be the precise time to revenge myself on their representatives-I could do it, and none could hinder me. But where is the use? I dont care for striking, I cant take the trouble to raise my hand. (336) Heathcliff has given up on revenge, as no longer has the will for it. It is only because of this that he is able to see Catherine again. 0) But the country folks, if you asked them, would swear on their Bible that he walks. There are those who speak to having met him near the church, and on the moor, and even within this house. Idle tales, youll say, and so say I. Yet that old man by the kitchen fire affirms he has seen two on em looking out of his chamber window, on every rainy night since his death. (349). Ellen tells Lockwood about the how the country people and Joseph have seen the ghosts of Heathcliff and Catherine walking on the moors.

List of Types of Disaccharides

List of Types of Disaccharides Disaccharides are sugars or carbohydrates made by linking two monosaccharides. This occurs via a dehydration reaction and a molecule of water  is removed for each linkage. A glycosidic bond can form between any hydroxyl group on the monosaccharide, so even if the two subunits are the same sugar, there are many different combinations of bonds and stereochemistry, producing disaccharides with unique properties. Depending on the component sugars, disaccharides may be sweet, sticky, water-soluble, or crystalline. Both natural and artificial disaccharides are known. Here is a list of some disaccharides, including the monosaccharides they are made from and foods containing them. Sucrose, maltose, and lactose are the most familiar disaccharides, but there are others. Sucrose (saccharose) glucose fructoseSucrose is table sugar. It is purified from sugar cane or sugar beets. Maltose glucose glucoseMaltose is a sugar found in some cereals and candies. It is a product of starch digestions and may be purified from barley and other grains. Lactose galactose glucoseLactose is a disaccharide found in milk. It has the formula  C12H22O11 and is an isomer of sucrose. Lactulose galactose fructoseLactulose is a synthetic (man-made) sugar that is not absorbed by the body  but is broken down in the colon into products that absorb water into the colon, thus softening stools. Its primary use is to treat constipation. It is also used to reduce blood ammonia levels in persons with liver disease  since lactulose absorbs ammonia into the colon (removing it from the body). Trehalose glucose glucoseTrehalose is also known as tremalose or mycose. It is a natural alpha-linked disaccharide with extremely high water retention properties. In nature, it helps plants and animals reduce long periods without water. Cellobiose glucose glucoseCellobiose is a hydrolysis product of cellulose or cellulose-rich materials, such as paper or cotton. It is formed by linking two beta-glucose molecules by a ÃŽ ²(1→4) bond. Table of Common Disaccharides Heres a quick summary of the subunits of common disaccharides and how they are linked to each other. Dissacharide First Unit Second Unit Bond sucrose glucose fructose ÃŽ ±(1→2)ÃŽ ² lactulose galactose fructose ÃŽ ²(1→4) lactose galactose glucose ÃŽ ²(1→4) maltose glucose glucose ÃŽ ±(1→4) trehalose glucose glucose ÃŽ ±(1→1)ÃŽ ± cellobiose glucose glucose ÃŽ ²(1→4) chitobiose glucosamine glucosamine ÃŽ ²(1→4) There are many other disaccharides, although they are not as common, including isomaltose (2 glucose monomers), turanose (a glucose and a fructose monomer), melibiose (a galactose and a glucose monomer), xylobiose (two xylopyranose monomers), sophorose (2 glucose monomers), and mannobiose (2 mannose monomers). Bonds and Properties Note multiple disaccharides are possible when monosaccharides bond to each other, since a glycosidic bond can form between any hydroxyl group on the component sugars. For example, two glucose molecules can join to form maltose, trehalose, or cellobiose. Even though these disaccharides are made from the same component sugars, they are distinct molecules with different chemical and physical properties from each other. Uses of Disaccharides Disaccharides are used as energy carriers and to efficiently transport monosaccharides. Specific examples of uses include: In the human body and in other animals, sucrose is digested and broken into its component simple sugars for quick energy. Excess sucrose can be converted from a carbohydrate into a lipid for storage as fat. Sucrose has a sweet flavor.Lactose (milk sugar) is found in human breast milk, where it serves as a chemical energy source for infants. Lactose, like sucrose, has a sweet flavor. As humans age, lactose becomes less-tolerated. This is because lactose digestion requires the enyzme lactase. People who are lactose intolerant can take a lactase supplement to reduce bloating, cramping, nausea, and diarrhea.Plants use disaccharides to transport fructose, glucose, and galactose from one cell to another.Maltose, unlike some other disaccharides, does not serve a specific purpose in the human body. The sugar alcohol form of maltose is maltitol, which is used in sugar-free foods. Of course, maltose is a sugar, but it is incompletely digested and absorbed by the body (50 to 60 percent). Key Points A disaccharide is a sugar (a type of carbohydrate) made by linking together two monosaccharides.A dehydration reaction forms a disaccharide. One molecule of water is removed for each linkage formed between the monosaccharide subunits.Both natural and artificial disaccharides are known.Examples of common disaccharides include sucrose, maltose, and lactose. References IUPAC, Disaccharides. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the Gold Book) (1997).Whitney, Ellie; Sharon Rady Rolfes (2011). Peggy Williams, ed.  Understanding Nutrition  (Twelfth ed.). California: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. p.  100.

Ancient Greek art of the Classical period depicts beauty through the Essay

Ancient Greek art of the Classical period depicts beauty through the balance of naturalism and idealism - Essay Example The classical period characterized modifications in both the function and the style of the sculpture. Poses seemed more naturalistic as shown by the Polykleitos of Diadumenos sculpture. The scientific skill of Greek sculptors in showing the human form in distinct poses was improved. The statues of the Diadumenos (set up in Athens to commemorate the defeat of the tyranny) were reputed to be the initial public shrines to real people. After 480 BC, the Greeks celebrated a period of peace after the defeat of the Persian fleet at Salamis. During these periods, the arts thrived and the uniqueness of thought, ideas, and artistic phrases was widely backed up. A number of sculptures were made from bronze, using the inlays of glass and copper1. The three dimensions forms of portrayed both an ability and balance of physical beauty. Detailed features depicted individual character, only to achieve a more expressive point a bit later in the age of Pericles. They initiated the perception of contrap posto to include the same freedom of movement into freestanding sculptures. This signified the weight of the sculpted form was altered to one leg, which also known as triangle of stability2.

Argument on the Proposal about Prison Education Research Paper

Argument on the Proposal about Prison Education - Research Paper Example Emergent trends indicate that education greatly influences the attitudes as well as behaviors of the learners. The decision of the government to take away from 3000 student’s financial aid in order to provide education for the willing and able prisoners is a positive development that should be embraced. This can go a long way in addressing the problem of crime in a sustainable manner. A society that is educated tends to report less cases of crime. This is because most members of that society tend to follow the rules and regulations that govern that society. Educated individuals also tend to have a good grasp of the moral responsibility that the society thrusts upon them/ To begin with, a demographic review of the financial wellbeing of college students ascertains that most of them can afford the fundamental tuition fees (Freeman and Robbi 96). Thus they use the aid they receive from the government for their sustenance and other leisure needs such as entertainment. In this resp ect, it is certain that their basic needs are already catered for. For this reason, the extra financial help that they get from the government can be employed for other important purpose of educating the prisoners. Nothing is as elemental as providing education to the prisoners. To ensure optimal and satisfactory results, the government should undertake screening exercise to ensure that students benefiting from the relative funds actually deserve the help. Those students who deserve the financial aid from the government should not be denied the same as this can be counterproductive. The extra resources should then be channeled to educating willing prisoners. When the prisoners are educated, they are likely to walk out of the prisons changed people and this is the main aim of correctional institutions such as prisons. In his research, Clements posits that inmates who undergo education programs while in prison are unlikely to assume criminal activities upon completion (Clements 1477). Educating the inmates is vital in eradicating inmates and keeping them informed about the law. Statistical evidence ascertains that ignorance is the root cause of crime and criminal activities in the society. Through education, the inmates are also able to acquire good work habits, learn various skills and finally master professions. When these inmates come out of the prison they are able to engage in meaningful income generating activities, thereby contributing immensely towards the development of the society. Attainment of all these attributes eases the social integration process especially upon completion of their sentence. Although not all of them undergo the positive change, Williford contends that the percentage that attains the positive status is satisfactory (Williford 59). Financial statistics indicate that the government employs a significant percentage of resources on correctional measures and institutions. Indirectly, the tax payer contributes a great deal to the respec tive expenditure. Quality educational programs for inmates according to Vacca can be able to reduce and even reverse the aforementioned trends. Although the initial and running costs would be high, the ultimate results would be positive and lasting (Vacca 299). In particular, reduction of recidivism, rates of crimes and tax contributions would be more rewarding. Comparatively, this would be better than continuing to spend on college students who can afford their basic

Country Selection and Initial Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Country Selection and Initial Analysis - Essay Example The services sector has the largest contribution of 51% approximately (estimated 2010). The population growth rate is just over 1%, which should be viewed as reasonably well for a Muslim majority emerging nation. The currency is known as Moroccan Dirham (MAD) that fluctuates against US dollar because of changes in global economy. However, the exchange rate prevails between 8 – 9 Dirham / US dollar at present. The GDP per capita was around $4,900 according to 2010 statistics (CIA Fact Book, 2010) It should also be highlighted that the recent floods in Morocco damaged its agricultural crops as the area under cultivation reduced by significant 25 – 30%. As a result, the production of wheat, barley, vegetables and other grains reduced considerably whereas the demand increased due to rise in population. Nonetheless, the government authorities were left with no other option but to increase imports from self-sufficient nations so that they could stabilize wheat prices across M orocco (Reuters Africa, 2010). It should be noted that domestic wheat consumption in Morocco has been estimated to be nearly 8.3 million tons and the shortages resulted in 47% hike in wheat prices (Weisenthal, 2011). The price surge was mainly the outcome of shortage amid price inelastic demand of food products as they are necessities.

The Struggle Between Presidential And Congressional Powers

The Struggle Between Presidential And Congressional Powers The process of passing legislation in the United States starts at with Congress and has to ultimately be approved by the president unless bypassed by with a two-thirds veto. The ability of an administration to pass or prevent legislation is one of the things that form the basis for an evaluation of a terms efficiency. However, what must be considered when evaluating a presidents efficiency is the ability to influence Congress, the makeup of Congress itself, and the issue at hand. Another responsibility that both Congress and the Presidency both share is the making of foreign policy. A president dealing with having to pass legislation and dealing with war demonstrates how a president deals with a pressurized situation. These aspects of the government and the ongoing conflicts that occurred will be analyzed in this paper. Analyzing the influence that the president has over Congress gives more information on how the president has to push past the limitations of his office in order to push a political agenda. The role of presidency and Congress regarding to the making of foreign policy illustrates whether the President or Congress truly has authority to act during times of conflict. Gaining a better understanding of these issues gives insight into which office better contemplates the long term welfare of our country, which has more understanding of the power of the U.S. military, and the statement it sends around the world when the military engages in conflict. I was personally interested in this topic because of my own interest and lack of understanding of foreign policy procedure. This research project provided me with an opportunity to understand the authority and the history in foreign policy making. In this paper, I hope to gain the knowledge I desire in this topic to ensure issues of war or foreign policy will be much clearer to me in the next presidential election. Literature Review Separation of Powers: According to American Government: Power and Purpose, the colonies needed to create a government in opposition to the tyrannical rule of King George after declaring their independence. The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were the first written American Constitution as well as the weakest. Under the Articles of Confederation, there was no executive branch or judicial branch and Congress was the entire basis for central government. Congress at this time was given the power to declare war, make peace, treaties, alliances, and appoint the senior officers of the U.S Army, but the execution of those powers were diminished by the fact that the appointed army officers had no army they were in direct command of because the military was made up of state militias. With each state being in charge of their territory, this made the process of collective action that much harder (Lowi, 2002). To strengthen the central government, and in turn strengthen the United States, the delegates met to initially reform the Articles of Confederation, but this would latter convene in Philadelphia in May 1787 to create a more efficient and effective government. The convention eventually led to the creation of the current U.S. constitution. Under this U.S Constitution, the government would utilize a constitutional principle known as the separation of powers to divide the government into three branches in an effort to ensure that the new government wouldnt infringe the rights of the people, The judicial branch was created to guard against infringement of the rights of the people, legislative to make the laws that the people abide by, and the executive branch was created to counter the impasse formed by the other constitutional principles used to prevent excessive democracy (Lowi, 2002) Unlike the Congress under the Articles of Confederation, Congress was made up of two chambers; the House of Representatives to be directly responsible for the people and the Senate to check the House and make it easier for the House not to completely conform to popular preferences (Lowi, 2002). Article I Section 8 of the U.S Constitution list the expressed powers of Congress, such as declaring war and maintaining military services (Lowi, 2002). Article II of the U.S Constitution states that the Executive Branchs power resides in the president. It also states that the president is indirectly elected, and how he is the Commander-in-Chief of the U.S Army and Navy (Lowi, 2002). The separation of powers was established to ensure that three branches would be equal, but the struggle is most apparent between Congress and the Presidency (Lowi, 2002). Out of all the powers the president has, his job as Commander-in-Chief of the U.S Armed Services is one of the most important, yet the president is not solely responsible for the military in times of conflict. This power of military authority is a similar power to that of Congress to maintain military services and to declare war. It is these military powers that cause foreign policy to fluctuate and impacts how the executive branch influences congress to get their way. Presidents Influence On Congress A common misconception with the relationship between Congress and the Executive branch is that the president and Congress deal with each other directly on a constant basis, when in actuality, the president getting personally involved only occurs as a last resort (Collier, 1997). The center of Congress and President relations in the White House is the White House Office of Legislative Affairs whose role is to send administration lobbyist to Congress to gain information about legislation, persuading the reluctant, and to relay the information theyve gathered back to the executive branch (Collier, 1997). The role of the executive office in regards to Congressional influence is demonstrated by both the George H.W. Bush and Clinton Administration. As a former congressman, President George H.W. Bush understood the need for working with Congress to pass legislation and choose a staff with good congressional experience and welcomed members of Congress like friends and family. Bush said that he planned to Reagans legislative strategy, but lacked in that regard because of his friendliness towards them (Collier, 1997). He was often criticized for not going over the heads of his friends and by the end of his administration Bush was frustrating to both parties because of his interest in foreign policy which wasnt shared by the people or lawmakers. He lacked both a strong domestic agenda and the Republican majority, yet he still chooses to focus on foreign policy (Collier, 1997). This would ultimately drive home the point of his lack of connection to the public and caused both the lost of public respect and his lack of respect of authority by Congress. Rather than being authoritative, Bush relied merely on the friendships he establishe d versus his position as president. President Bushs biggest foreign policy dilemma stemmed from the Persian Gulf War which compelled Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait (Peterson, 1994) which would ultimately lead to a victory. President Bill Clinton was willing to associate with Congress, but after personally rallying bargaining for votes on his stimulus package, he had to learn how to not get too involved so as to nor appear desperate. The presidents communications skills in his 1996 state of the Union Address allowed him to convey his position and place the Republican congressman at a disadvantage (Collier, 1997). As the Republicans tried to implement their own plan to fix the economy, they underestimated Clinton and ultimately made it easier for him to implement his version of the plan to fix the economy. Regarding foreign policy, Clinton had to deal with the interest group campaign against the ratification of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) which Congress disagreed with until the President implemented clauses that would protect American Jobs. Another foreign policy issue that would not be further evaluated until the terrorist attacks on September 11 was the threat of terrorism Osama Bin Laden that Clinton faced during his administration. During August 7, 1998, Bin Ladens forces struck the United States embassies in Kenya and Tanzania; this would cause Clinton to respond with seventy nine missile strikes on Bin Ladens outposts. Clinton would also send a letter to Congress stating that his actions were justified by his authority in U.S. foreign relations and as the Commander-in-Chief (Hendrickson, 2002). Rather than simply ignoring Congress altogether, he started to pull them into the decision making process more which ultimately helped him to not only gain support from the majority of Congressman, but cause Newt Gingrich to help garner support through his Republican allies. It was President Clintons decision to include Congress in the decision making that gained the trust of Congress, who in turn allowed President Clinton some leeway in making military decisions (Hendrickson, 2002). After the terrorist attacks of September 11, President George W. Bush declared war on terror and was regarded as an American response when compared to the European perception that the attacks were matters of law enforcement (Ball, 2007). This assertion in the war on terror served to prove what both Bush and Dick Cheney believed; the powers of the U.S. President are limitless in the war on terror. This would also be reinforced by Congress passing a joint resolution drafted by the White House which allowed Bush to battle any nation, organization, or person he determined to have been involved in 9/11. This would also lead Congress passing the Iraq Joint Resolution which falsely claimed that Iraq was involved in 9/11 and that they were in possession of weapons of mass destruction (Ball, 2007). Foreign Policy Powers The foreign Policy Powers of the United States stem from the U.S. Constitution. Although the president is the Commander-in-Chief of the U.S military, the Constitution was set up to prevent the president from being the sole authority on U.S foreign policy issues (Peterson, 1994). The president only has the exclusive power to receive ambassadors, execute the laws that Congress passes, and to grant pardons (Lowi, 2002). The title of Commander-in-Chief doesnt actually grant any specific powers. The expressed powers of foreign policy that lie with Congress are the authority to raise an army, prepare for the common defense, and to declare war. Aside from the control already established, Congress has the ability to hinder the presidents power by their control over the budget which is referred to as the power of the purse. One of the things included in the budget is the military funding; meaning the president needs both the approval of Congress to go to war and the proper budget to go to war (Lowi, 2002). Even though it would appear that most if the control in foreign policy making is given to Congress, Congress rarely exercises these powers. The norm seems to be for Congress to just conform to the demands of the President. This is especially apparent when examining the legislation that was passed under the George W. Bush Administration. The President also has its ways of circumventing Congress in terms of foreign policy by executive agreements. Of the two chambers of Congress, The Senate has the authority of forming treaties and alliances and if the President wishes to implement a treaty he must have it approved by Senate with a two-thirds majority vote, but executive agreements allow the president to make an agreement with another country that has the same effectiveness as a treaty, but doesnt need the Senates approval. Statement of Research There are multitudes of ways in which Congress and the Executive branch can override each other and are forced to compromise. Making foreign policy is the issue that theses two branches seem to struggle with the most. The powers they have give them the potential to outrank each other in that regard. The president is the Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. and because of the broadness of this title, has no expressed powers he is bound to. Congress has the expressed power and the authority to raise an army, prepare for the common defense, and to declare war. In times of crisis such as 9/11 and the Iraq war, the power of the U.S President tends to increase as Congress conforms to the Presidents agenda in an effort to make a stance for the country. This time of unity between the two branches of government appears to be at its best when regarding the war on terror. The inquiry addresses the following: How has the evolution of presidential influence correlated to the making of foreign policy during the Bush-Clinton Era? How has the war on terror correlated to the foreign policy power balance between the Presidency and Congress? These two questions are significant because they address the issues of divided government and the making of foreign policy. These two elements of our government are the most crucial aspects that can either encourage or strain relations between the White House and Capitol Hill. The two questions not only provide insight into the foreign policy, but an analysis of the events that led up to the Iraq invasion and the war on terror. Research Findings Inquiry Question #1 The making of foreign policy is one of the main subjects in which Capitol Hill and the White House struggle to reach middle ground. As presidential administrations have passed, the executive branchs influence seems to fluctuate depending on the type of president and the different political parties that the president is a part of and whether or not Congress is of the same party. This fact leads back to the question of how the evolution of presidential influence correlated to the making of foreign policy during the Bush-Clinton Era. In order to find out how the evolution of presidential influence correlated to the making of foreign policy during the Bush-Clinton Era, the answer must come from an analysis of the three presidencies in question; George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. President George H.W. Bush, who could have directly launched an attack on Iraq to deal with the Iraq invasion of Kuwait, went to Congress for authorization to use military force against Iraq (Tushnet, 2005). This political behavior was contrary to the quiet, behind the scenes approach to leading Congress which was ultimately was done not by the President himself, who as a former Congressman was very friendly in Congress, but by the staff (Collier, 1997). The Iraq war that President George W. Bush declared in 2002 stemmed from the basis of the congressional authorization of the Gulf War in 1991 (Peterson, 1994). The Gulf War finds similarities to the military actions of President Clinton in his use of the War Powers Resolution in Somalia Bosnia. The first foreign policy challenge under the Clinton administration came at the hands of the incident that was arising in Somalia with the chaos caused by wide-scale dissatisfaction with the leadership of Siad Barre and the clan violence that was increasing under men like Mohammed Aideed (Hendrickson, 2002). President Clinton and Congress supported Operation Restore Hope to use American forces abroad to restore order to the Somalia which Clinton did with both congressional approval and the U.N.s approval as well. The situation in Haiti came from the oppressive rule of Lt. General Raoul Cedras who came into power by staging a coup against Catholic priest Jean Bertrand Aristide (Hendrickson, 2002). President responded by arguing that the instability that was occurring in Haiti was a direct threat to the national security interest of the U.S. This led to the U.N. authorizing the U.S. to end the dictatorship occurring in Haiti, but was initiated by President Clinton who made an effort to inform congress of the developing situation (Hendrickson, 2002). President George W. Bush faced no greater foreign policy in his administration than he did after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. In the face of the attacks by Al-Qaeda, President Bush announced a war on terrorism that sought not only to bring those responsible for the 9/11 terrorist attacks to justice, but demonstrated a very broad government action that would allow Bush to pass and enforce questionable legislation such as the Iraq Joint Resolution and The Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF) which gave President Bush the authority to fight anyone he thought was involved in the terrorists attacks of 9/11 (Ball, 2007). After review this information, the only answer that can be concluded is that the presidents influence on Congress has greatly affected the making of foreign policy as well as the tendency of Congress to give power to the president during the Bush-Clinton Era, even when the presidents claims of threats of national security do not pan out, such as the example with the Iraq Joint Resolution which would later be very unnecessary and even a blatant case of mistaken identity regarding those who were involved with the terrorist attacks of 9/11. Whenever there is an issue regarding foreign policy involving military action, the president is given the power to do what he wishes within reason. However, this does not apply when the country has to make a stance on a subject such as terrorism. Inquiry Question #2 Whenever the U.S. has to deal with acts of terrorism that threaten our safety as citizens, the presidents and Congress have been known to work together and pass legislation that at times of peace would take a much longer time to process and contemplate. Legislation like the Iraq Joint Resolution and AUMF would not have been passed in a time of peace. This one incident questions not only what America is willing to do bring terrorist organizations to justice, but how the war on terror correlated to the foreign policy power balance between the Presidency and Congress. This can only be analyzed by an in-depth look in the events that lead to the war on terror, but what was done after the war on terror was declared. The problem with terrorism finds their beginnings in the George W. Bush administration, but the what lead to that were the terrorist attacks of 9/11 which were spearheaded by the leader of Al-Qaeda; Osama Bin Laden. President Clinton dealt with the terrorist attacks of Osama Bin Laden when they struck the embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. President Clinton would then strike Bin Ladens outpost with missiles and would work to gain more intelligence on Bin Ladens actions as well as authorizing the CIA to apprehend and interrogate Bin Laden or to kill him if capture was impossible (Hendrickson, 2002). Congress supported his ideas in all instances in his efforts to stop Bin Laden and was especially supportive of him when he justified his initial actions as the commander-and-chief of the United States, yet still chose to include Congress in their decisions regarding him. Of course at the time, Osama Bin Laden and terrorism in general, was not regarded as one of the central threats to the U.S. (Hendrickson, 2002). President George W. Bush responded to the 9/11 terrorists attacks with the declaration of the War on terror. The broad term would be followed by the AUMF which gave the president free reign to make any attack on anyone he perceived to be connected to the terrorist attacks of 9/11 (Ball, 2007). This idea of terrorist striking at anytime also allowed him to do things that could only be done with court approval like intercepting international calls and emails between people who were allegedly connected to Al-Qaeda, which is unconstitutional without a court order (Ball, 2007). Congress initially agreed to majority of the bills that Bush wanted to sign into law to combat the terrorist threat. However, when this began to conflict with some of the rights of the people, both Congress tried to step in only to be usurped by Vice-President Cheney, who was the 1st president to use his ability to expand theory of presidential authority by saying that Congress cannot limit the power the president has over the military nor can they pass laws that give government officials of the executive branch the power to act independently of the president (Ball, 2007). Upon reviewing the information presented, it can only be concluded that the war on terror has shifted the power of foreign policy to the president. President George W. Bush used the war on terror to not only attack all those who were allegedly involved with 9/11 but to expand it into a war that had nothing to do with the terrorist attacks of 9/11. The same power was also experience by President Clinton when he used his title as commander-and-chief to his advantage and tried his best to eliminate the threat that Osama Bin Laden posed towards the U.S.

Human Resource Management Essay -- Business Resource Managing Essays

Human Resource Management Effective human resource management is undoubtedly critical to the success of virtually all firms. Thus its importance is huge in the study of business strategy; which is the system of the firm’s important choices that are critical to the firm’s survival and relative success (Boxall and Purcell 2003). Getting more specific, strategic human resource management as a field of study is concerned with the strategic choices associated with the use of labour in firms and with explaining why some firms manage them more effectively than others (Boxall and Purcell 2003). Traditionally there has been much debate in the field of strategic HRM over two main schools of thought; â€Å"best fit† (contingency theory), and â€Å"best practice† (universalism). The â€Å"best fit† school of thought argues that HR strategy will be more effective when it is appropriately integrated with its specific organizational and broader environmental context (Boxall and Purcell 2003). This proposes questions about which are the most critical contingencies in this context and how they are best connected. The ‘best practice’ school of thought argues that all firms will see performance improvements if only they identify and implement best practice. This perspective requires top management to commit themselves to key HR practices. Basically, the idea is that a particular bundle of HR practices has the potential to contribute improved employee attitudes and behaviours, lower levels of absenteeism and labour turnover, and higher levels of productivity, quality and customer service. This has the ultimate effect of generating higher levels of profitability (Boxall and Purcell 2003). Both of the aforementioned â€Å"best theory† approaches to strategic HRM place emphasis on critical choices associated with competitive strategy; such as which industry to enter and what competitive position to seek in it (Boxall and Purcell 2003). However, these models make some serious assumptions of the firms HRM. They assume that the firm already has a clever leadership team that makes the competitive strategy choices effectively. They also assume that human resource issues such as hiring and training a capable workforce are straightforward and basic. The resource-based view (RBV) of strategy, a modern school of thought in the field of strategic HRM, sees these issues as strategic rather than stra... ... over time, and their importance to sustained competitive advantage (Boxall and Purcell, 2003). Works Cited Boxall, Peter and Purcell, John. Strategy and Human Resource Management. Palgrave  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Macmillan. 2003. Deephouse D. ‘To be different, or to be the same? It’s a question (and theory) of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  strategic balance’ , Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 20, 1999. pp147-166 Mabey, Christopher and Salaman, Graeme and Storey, John. Human Resource   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Management: A Strategic Introduction. Blackwell Business. 1998. Marchington, Mick and Wilkinson, Adrian. People Management and Development:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Human Resource Management at Work. CIPD Enterprises Ltd. 2002. Purcell, John. â€Å"Business Strategies and Human Resource Management: Uneasy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bedfellows or Strategic Partners?† University of Bath. April 27, 2005   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  [http://www.bath.ac.uk/werc/pdf/business_strategies_and_HRM.pdf] Sisson, Kieth and Storey, John. The Realities of Human Resource Management:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Managing the Employment Relatoinship. Open University Press:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Buckingham.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2000. Schuler, Randall S. and Jackson, Susan E. Strategic Human Resource Management.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1999.